ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT The establishment of modern medicine in Brazil was marked by the arrival of the Portuguese Court in 1808, when the Bahia and Rio de Janeiro Faculties of Medicine were founded. The French School of Medicine exerted a strong influence on Brazilian medicine and on the main pioneers of Brazilian neurology. The elite of "Parisian neurology" trained students and doctors from around the world, and were mentors to the pioneers of Brazilian neurology in the early 20th century. In this article, the authors review the origins of neurology faculties in Brazilian medicine and the main pioneers of Brazilian neurology. Neurology is certainly a continuously changing field and has always adapted to new advances and discoveries, and it is an honor for the authors to pay homage to their pioneers.
RESUMO O estabelecimento da medicina moderna no Brasil foi marcado pela chegada da corte portuguesa em 1808, quando foram fundadas as faculdades de medicina da Bahia e do Rio de Janeiro. A Escola Francesa de Medicina exerceu forte influência na Medicina Brasileira e nos principais pioneiros da Neurologia Brasileira. A elite da "Neurologia parisiense", treinou estudantes e médicos de todo o mundo e foram os mentores dos pioneiros da neurologia brasileira no início do século XX. Neste texto, os autores revisam as origens das faculdades de Neurologia na Medicina Brasileira e os principais pioneiros da Neurologia Brasileira. A neurologia é certamente um campo em constante mudança e sempre se adaptou a novos avanços e descobertas, e é uma honra para os autores homenagear seus pioneiros.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Schools, Medical/history , Psychiatry/history , Universities/history , Brazil , Literature, Medieval/history , Neurology/historyABSTRACT
Propõe-se um estudo iconográfico e literário do trabalho sazonal como ciclo produtivo, entre Antiguidade e Idade Média Tardia. Procurou-se estabelecer laços entre iconografias e economia e sociedade que as produziram. A representação auspiciosa prevalece, no panorama histórico das iconografias ligadas à previsão e à esperança de abundância. No âmbito da sociedade medieval elas estão fortemente atreladas ao tema da mudança das estações, da passagem cíclica temporal, do percurso de nascimento, morte e ressurreição. As representações dos trabalhos e das ocupações dos meses se transformam, e essa transformação é, muito mais que um reflexo, uma reflexão da sociedade sobre espaço e sobre atores do ciclo de produção alimentar. A Antiguidade legou à Idade Média uma variedade ampla de imagens fundamentadas, tanto na noção de personificação como de referências para as atividades ligadas aos ciclos sazonais, legado que será avaliado e modificado com base na nova experiência religiosa e social que permeia o período de maior presença dos ciclos dos meses ilustrados pelas atividades de produção do campo.
An iconographic and literary study on seasonal work as productive cycle between antiquity and the late middle ages is proposed, looking for boundaries between the iconographies and economy and society that produced them. The auspicious representation prevails in the historical view of iconographies associated with the prediction and hope of abundance. Within the medieval society they are deeply bounded to main themes such as season changes, cyclic passage of time, journey through birth, death and resurrection. The representations of monthly work and activities change, and this change is much more than a mirror reflection, a reflection of society on the space and actors of the food production cycle. The legacy of antiquity to the middle ages is a great amount of images based on notions of personification as well of reference for the activities associated with the seasonal changes, a legacy that will be assessed and changed based on the new social and religious experience. These permeate the century during which most of the month cycles illustrated by productive works in the field are produced.
Subject(s)
Literature, Medieval/history , Food ProductionABSTRACT
Sŏdhala was a scholar of Ayurvĕda as well as săhitya, Jyotisya, Vyakaraņa and also a good poet who belongs to Gujarat. Sŏdhala contributed two important works to Ayurvĕda literature namely 1. Sŏdhbala nighaņţu, 2. Gadanigraha. Sŏdhala nighaņţu consists of two parts and contains about 2,050 (790+1,260) verses. The section on synonyms, the Nămasangraha, and the other one is on properties and actions of drugs, the Guņasangraha. The arrangement of the material constitutes an unprecedented innovation in the literature of Nighaņţu (Ayurvĕda drug's lexicons or dictionaries). The Gadanigraha is composed of two distinct parts and contains about 10,054 (2,700+7,354) verses. The first part is a collection of formulae arranged according to the several types of pharmaceutical preparations and the second one is a comprehensive text dealing with both Nidăna and cikitsă, arranged as for the Aşţăngas (8 major divisions) of Ayurvĕda. The work seems to be later than Sŏdhalanighaņţu because most of the drugs mentioned in this work are not found in the Sŏdhalanighaņţu. The diseases are arranged in systematically, which is a new feature and their order is differ from Mădhavanidăna. From the available evidences we can assume that Sŏdhala might be belongs to 1200 A.D. The contributions of Sŏdhala are noteworthy and they are important landmark works in history of Ayurvĕda.